How to understand the Terms and Descriptions Applicable to Steel Buildings and why it is to your benefit to know them

How to understand the Terms and Descriptions Applicable to Steel Buildings and why it is to your benefit to know them:

Knowledge reduces frustration and increases satisfaction which have created this knowledgebase to help you complete your building project. Now you won’t have to waste time going all over the place trying to figure out what things mean and why certain elements are needed for the perfect project from start to finish.

This information helps you think of many things other building owners forgot. It helps you cover all the bases with full understanding so you are well prepared when you call for answers, coaching and advice.

Accessory: A building product which supplements a basic solid panel building such as a door, window, roof vent, soffit, wainscot, overhang, etc.

Agricultural Building: A structure designed and constructed to house farm implements, hay, grain, poultry, livestock, or other agricultural products. Such structures should not include: spaces meant for habitation or to be occupied, spaces in which agricultural products are processed, treated, or the possibility of being as a place of occupancy by the general public.

Anchor Bolts:

~ Anchor Bolts are fasteners that secure the framing of a structure to the foundation, or anchor other structural components, posts, or supports to the surface they rest upon1. They are one of the most important elements in a steel structure.

~ Here are some key points about anchor bolts in steel buildings:

~ Functionality: Anchor bolts append and secure structural elements or components to substantial structures.

~ They are used to secure steel to concrete4. One end of the anchor bolt is embedded in the concrete, while the opposite end is kept exposed or threaded to attach structural elements or the equipment.

~ They help stabilize the steel framing during erection, and they may help transfer horizontal and vertical loads from the framing to the foundation.

~ Types: Anchor bolts used in industrial projects are categorized into two groups: Cast-in-Place anchor bolts and Post-Installed anchor bolts.

~ Cast-in-Place anchor bolts are projected directly into the concrete material.

~ Post-Installed anchors allow an anchor to be installed after the concrete has cured and allows more flexibility in anchor location.

~ Selection: Selecting the correct anchor bolt depends on several factors such as anchor bolt hole size, anchor bolt length, the base material of the object, the design’s natural conditions, the maximum load that the anchor can endure, type of load, the material strength of the anchor bolt, type of the concrete, the size and position of the fittings, the ideal appearance of the finished product, and anchor spacing requirement. We can clarify the right anchor bolts for your project when you have your building designed and are ready for pricing.

Anchor bolts play a crucial role in the stability and strength of a steel building. They help protect the building from various elements and invaders, provide necessary ventilation, and enhance the overall look of the building

Anchor Bolt Plan: A plan view drawing showing the diameter, location, and projection of all anchor bolts for the components of the metal building system and may show column reactions (magnitude and direction). The maximum base plate dimensions may also be shown.

Approval Drawings: A set of drawings that may include framing plans, elevations, and sections through the building for approval of the dealer.

ASD: Allowable Stress Design.

~ Allowable Stress Design (ASD) is a method used in structural engineering to calculate the maximum stress that can be safely applied to a structure1. This method is often used in the design of metal buildings. We’ll cover this base for you to avoid making the mistakes that so folks suffer.

Here are some key points about Allowable Stress Design and why it is so important for your building: This is also why we need your building measurements for proper engineering. Just tell us what you want and we’ll guide properly as you see in the points below:

~ Calculation: The allowable stress is determined by dividing the yield strength of the material by a factor of safety4. This factor of safety accounts for uncertainties in material properties, loading conditions, and potential flaws in the structure.

~ Material Strength: For ductile materials, the material strength used in the calculation is the yield strength. The yield strength is the amount of stress at which a material begins to deform.

~ Factor of Safety: The factor of safety ranges from 1.5 to 2.5, depending on the type of steel and the application. This factor ensures that the structure can support more than the maximum expected load.

~ Design Method: In the ASD method, the designer must size the structural elements in such a way that the service load (the expected load on the structure) does not exceed the allowable load. This helps to ensure the safety and durability of the structure.

~ Allowable Stress Design is a crucial method in the design of metal buildings, helping to ensure that the structures can safely withstand the expected loads

Assembly: A group of mutually dependent and compatible components or subassemblies of components.

Astragal:

~ An Astragal in a steel building is a vertical piece of hardware that is used to seal the gap between the door edge and the door frame. In a double door system, astragals seal the gap between the two doors or leaves. This unique door hardware increases security and privacy while protecting the interior from drafts, moisture, and other outdoor elements.

Here are some key points about astragals in steel buildings:

~ Functionality: Astragals have differing uses in doors and windows. A door astragal, also referred to as astragal molding, completely seals the thin space between the door edge and the door frame. In a double door system, astragals seal the gap between the two doors or leaves. This unique door hardware increases security and privacy while protecting the interior from drafts, moisture, and other outdoor elements.

~ Types: Astragals come in a variety of styles, including overlapping astragal, flat bar astragal, T astragal, Z astragal, split or meeting astragal, brush astragals, acoustic astragals, and fire-rated astragals.

~ Materials: Most door astragals are made of metal (aluminum), but can also be wood or heavy-duty plastic, such as polypropylene or vinyl.

~ Usage: Astragals aren’t on all doors—they are most common on exterior double doors, such as French doors, as well as storm doors, commercial steel doors, and fire-rated doors.

~ Astragals play a crucial role in both the functionality and aesthetics of a steel building. They help protect the building from various elements and invaders, provide necessary ventilation, and enhance the overall look of the building.

Bar Joist:

~ A Bar Joist, also known as an open web steel joist, is an engineered steel member used in the construction of buildings. It’s a structural component that provides increased strength and is able to span greater distances than typical wood beams.

~ Here are some key points about bar joists in steel buildings:

~ Structure: Bar joists are beams made of a top and bottom chord, with diagonals connecting them. If you want an idea for the shape, picture a long, narrow hallway. Now imagine throwing a ball really hard, at an angle, against one of the walls. It would make its way down the hallway bouncing back and forth from wall to wall. The two walls and the path of the ball make the shape of a bar joist: the two walls are the top and bottom chords, and the path of the ball is the diagonals connecting the two.

~ Materials: Joists may be made from wood, steel, or composite materials. Steel is one of the most common materials because of its high strength-to-weight ratio and durability.

~ Usage: Open web steel joists are used for various applications. They are widely used to support the roofs of commercial and industrial buildings, their design makes them well-suited for spanning long distances needed in large, open floor plans. They are often used to support the floors of multi-story buildings, especially large ones with open floor plans. They can also be used to support large openings in buildings. So be encouraged in your plan designs because we know how to custom cut bar joists to compliment your plan design.

~ Benefits: Bar joists have excellent sound resistance, fire resistance, and seismic performance as well as superior dimensional stability and uniform loading capabilities.

Bar joists play a crucial role in the construction of steel buildings, providing increased strength and the ability to span greater distances

Base Angle:

~ A Base Angle in a steel building is a continuous angle that is secured to the perimeter of the foundation1. It serves both functional and aesthetic purposes1.

Here are some key points about base angles in steel buildings:

~ Functionality: Base angles are used to support and close wall panels. They provide a point to secure the bottom of wall panels. This helps to stabilize the steel framing during erection. Hey, we all want your building to assemble smoothly. We want you to know what goes into building erection and why certain components are used.

~ Materials: Most base angles are made of metal, typically steel, because of its high strength-to-weight ratio and durability. Your building can be done correctly the first time without construction errors.

~ Installation: Base angles are typically installed as part of the wall assembly process. They are secured to the perimeter of the foundation.

Base angles play a crucial role in the construction of steel buildings, providing increased strength and the ability to secure wall panels

Base Plate:

~ A Base Plate in a steel building is a fundamental component that plays a crucial role in the structure’s stability and strength. Here are some key points about the importance of base plates in steel buildings:

~ Load Distribution: The primary purpose of a base plate is to distribute the load from the column over a larger area. This reduces the pressure on the foundation and prevents structural failure. Without a base plate, the column could potentially punch through the foundation.

~ Stability: Base plates are used to stabilize and secure the steel columns to the foundation1. They are typically bolted or welded to the ground or another surface to guarantee a secure foundation.

~ Material Strength: Base plates are usually made of steel due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and durability. The thickness of steel base plates is contingent on the specific application and load requirements.

~ Versatility: Base plates are used in various industries such as construction, engineering, and manufacturing. They are fundamental elements employed in various manufacturing processes. The base plates used in your designed are adjusted to your unique design.

Base plates are essential in the construction of steel buildings, providing increased strength, stability, and effective load distribution

Bay:

~ A Bay in a steel building refers to the space between two frames or columns1234. Here are some key points about bays in steel buildings:

~ Structure: The primary steel framing of a steel building consists of commercial-grade, rigid-iron steel columns and rafter beams. Rafter beams connect the two steel columns, forming one “frame”1. Think of a frame as a rib in the building’s skeleton. A “bay” is the distance between two frames. Each frame supports one-half of the bays on either side of it.

~ Importance: Bay spacing directly affects the pricing of a steel building1. For most applications, pre-engineered steel building bays are erected every 20’ to 25’1. However, steel bays can be engineered for longer or shorter spacing if required by the design. For example, if a large side-entrance opening needed to be in a specific location, the structure is designed so that a frame does not intersect the location of the opening. Because we understand bay design, we know how to accommodate your design.

~ Design: Longer steel construction bay spacing requires heavier steel columns, which drives the price of the steel package higher. Of course, shorter bay spacing entails more steel columns, which may also increase the price of the package. In general, the industry standard of 20’ to 25’ steel building bay layout is the most cost-efficient use of steel. That is why we will discuss the options you want for the efficiency you desire when you call us.

Bays play a crucial role in the construction of steel buildings, providing a means to measure and plan the layout of the building, which directly impacts the cost and structural integrity

Beam and Column:

~ Beams and Columns are fundamental elements in the design of steel building.

~ Beams: Beams are horizontal structural elements that span an open space, transferring weight and stress to the columns or walls on either end. They are typically made of reinforced concrete or steel. Beams primarily bear the load from the floor or roof above and transfer it to the columns.

~ Columns: Columns are vertical structural elements that carry the load from the beams and transfer it to the foundation. Unlike beams, columns primarily resist compressive forces. Engineers carefully select the column size, shape, and material to prevent buckling and ensure stability under load. Reinforcing elements such as stiffeners and bracing may be incorporated into the column design to enhance strength and rigidity.

~ Beams and columns are essential components in the design of steel buildings, helping to distribute weight and support heavy loads.

Bearing End Frame:

~ A Bearing End Frame in a steel building is a structural system consisting of a series of rafter beams supported by columns. It is used at the end frame of a building.

~ Here are some key points about bearing end frames in steel buildings:

~ Structure: The bearing end frame is composed of corner columns, end columns, flush girts, and channel rafter beams. It is designed to carry one-half bay weight. This type of end wall is also referred to as a “cold formed” end wall.

~ Functionality: Since the rafters only support a portion of the last bay of the metal building, they are smaller members which are not structurally designed for future expansion. In most steel building designs, end wall frames only support half the load of a main frame. In those cases, a lighter, less expensive bearing frame is used.

~ Usage: A bearing end frame is typically used at the end frame of a building. It can also be referred to as a Beam and Column or Post and Beam frame.

Bearing end frames play a crucial role in the construction of steel buildings, providing increased strength and stability.

Bearing Plate:

~ A Bearing Plate in a steel building is a structural element that is used to distribute the load from a beam or column over a larger area. It is typically made of steel and is placed between the foundation or another surface and the structural element.

~ Here are some key points about bearing plates in steel buildings:

~ Functionality: Bearing plates are used to move concentrated compressive forces from one structural element to another. They are often used to spread the force of a steel beam over a larger area made of a less strong material than steel, like concrete or masonry. The action is like a footing that spreads a heavy load over soft ground.

~ Load Distribution: A bearing plate takes the reaction of a steel beam and distributes that force over a larger area that is made of a material that is not as strong as steel2. This reduces the pressure on the foundation and prevents structural failure.

~ Materials: Most bearing plates are made of steel due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and durability.

Bearing plates play a crucial role in the construction of steel buildings, providing increased strength, stability, and effective load distribution1.

Bill of Materials: A list that enumerates by part number or description each piece of material or assembly to be shipped. Also called tally sheet or shipping list.

Bird Screen: Wire mesh used to prevent birds from entering the building through ventilators and louvers.

Blind Rivet: A small headed pin with expandable shank for joining light gauge metal. Typically it is used to attach flashing, gutters, etc.

Bracing: Rods, angles, or cables used in the plane of the roof and walls to transfer loads, such as wind, seismic, and crane thrusts to the foundation.

Bracket: A structural support projecting from a structural member. Examples are canopy brackets, lean-to brackets, and crane runway brackets.

British Thermal Unit (BTU): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree of Fahrenheit.

Building Aisle: A space defined by the length of the building and the space between building columns.

Building Code: Regulations established by a recognized agency describing design loads, procedures, and construction details for structures usually applying to a designated political jurisdiction (city, county, state, etc.).

Butt Plate: The end plate of a structural member usually used to rest against a like plate or another member in forming a connection. Sometimes called a splice plate or bolted end plate.

Bypass Girt:

~ A Bypass Girt in a steel building is a horizontal structural member that is attached to the outside of the wall columns1. It is continuous around the building perimeter.

~ Here are some key points about bypass girts in steel buildings. Bypass Girts enable engineers to design stronger buildings at lower costs:

~ Structure: Bypass girts pass over the face of the outside of a column to create one unbroken line. They are designed as continuous members due to the lap formed at each column location.

~ Functionality: Bypass girts provide additional strength to the girt system and reduce cost. They also prevent compression of blanket insulation at the building columns which is critical for energy loss prevention.

~ Benefits: Bypass girt systems are more economical than inset or flush girt systems. On average, choosing bypass girts over inset or flush girts can reduce the cost of the girt system by 30%-100% depending on span lengths.

Bypass girts play a crucial role in the construction of steel buildings, providing increased strength and cost-effectiveness.

“C” Section:

~ A C-Section in a steel building refers to a type of structural member that is shaped like the letter “C”. It is also known as a channel. It is part of our smart engineering.

~ Here are some key points about C-sections in steel buildings:

~ Structure: C-sections are formed from steel plate or steel strip3. They have three sides and form a “C” shape.

~ Functionality: C-sections are the main material of light steel structures. They are commonly used in structural steel detailing for various applications in building construction and other engineering structures.

~ Benefits: C-sections are lighter in weight, extremely strong, noncombustible, and relatively easy to install. They are often used in the construction of student dormitories, assisted living facilities, and hotels where developers are interested in maximizing their return on investment.

~ Cost-Effectiveness: This form of column is weaker than others, though it also results in a cheaper project cost.

C-sections play a crucial role in the construction of steel buildings, providing increased strength and cost-effectiveness. They stretch your investment dollar.

Canopy:

~ A Canopy in a steel building design is a roof-like structure that provides overhead protection from elements such as rain, snow, or sunlight. It can be attached to a structure or be free-standing with its own supports. Canopies can be constructed of a variety of materials including steel, concrete, aluminum, wood, or even fabric.

~ Here are some key points about canopies in steel buildings:

~ Functionality: Canopies provide shade, protection against rain, and embellishment of the façade. They extend over entrance doorways, providing protection from sun and rain. So as you design your steel building, think of what it will be like in challenging weather if you have to load or unload or disembark passengers or livestock.

~ Design: Canopies create a fluid extension of a building without the expense of adding on rooms4. They extend the habitable area of a building, expanding its footprint in a subtle, inferential way.

~ Materials: Historically, materials commonly used in canopy construction were steel, bronze, copper, and aluminum. They often also possessed elaborately painted patterns, with decorative details achieved from pressed sheet metal.

Canopies play a crucial role in the design of steel buildings, providing increased protection and aesthetic appeal.

Chalking:

~ Chalking on steel panels in steel buildings refers to the gradual breakdown of the protective coating on the surface of a metal roof, resulting in a powdery residue that resembles chalk1. This residue is typically a mixture of oxidized metal particles and degraded coating materials.

~ Here are some key points about chalking on steel panels:

~ Causes: Chalking is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, which leads to the deterioration of the paint finish surface resin2. This causes the embedded pigment particles to lose their adhesion to the paint film, resulting in color fading, and the resin particles take on a white (chalky) appearance.

~ Effects: Chalking can lead to a change in the color of the metal roof, usually lightening the color3. However, it has been known to darken or completely change specific colors. Panels on the same structure may not even fade uniformly, as every portion is not always subject to the same elements.

~ Prevention and Maintenance: Regular cleaning can help maintain the appearance of steel panels4. Most surface soils or stains from industrial fallout, tree sap, or chimney affluent can be cleaned up with non-abrasive household detergents. A mixture of one part Ivory to three parts water is recommended as a general-purpose cleaner. The solution should be applied with a clean, soft rag or sponge using a gentle rubbing action4. Rinse immediately and thoroughly after washing with fresh water.

~ Advice: It’s important to note that even small amounts of moisture will cause chalk dust lines (as well as any black or “lead” pencil marks) to permanently damage steel surfaces. These marks create an “electric cell”, which deteriorates the finish. This will cause chalk lines or pencil marks to be “seen” for the life of the building. Therefore, it’s advised to never snap chalk lines on steel sheeting.

~ While chalking is a common occurrence in steel buildings, regular maintenance and cleaning can help manage its effects and prolong the lifespan of the steel panels

Cladding: The exterior metal roof and wall paneling of a Metal Building System. See also “Covering”.

Clip: A plate or angle used to fasten two or more members together.

Closure Strip: A strip, formed to the contour of ribbed panels and used to close openings created by ribbed panels joining other components, either made of resilient material or metal.

Collateral Loads: The weight of additional permanent materials required by the contract, other than the Building System, such as sprinklers, mechanical and electrical systems, partitions and ceilings.

Column: A main member used in a vertical position on a building to transfer loads from main roof beams, trusses, or rafters to the foundations.

Components and Cladding: Members which include girts, joist, purlins, studs, wall and roof panels, fasteners, end wall columns and end wall rafters of bearing end frames, roof overhang beams, canopy beams, and masonry walls that do not act as shear walls.

Concealed Clip: A hold down clip used with a wall or roof panel system to connect the panel to the supporting structure without exposing the fasteners on the exterior surface.

Covering: The exterior metal roof and wall paneling of a Metal Building System.

Cross Section: In construction, a cross section is a depiction of the building structure from the side, that shows what the building would look like if it were cut in half on a vertical plane. This view shows internal components that would not otherwise be visible because of the building’s walls and framing.

Cupola:

~ A Roof Cupola with Weathervane is a combination of two architectural elements:

~ A cupola is a small structure placed on top of a larger roof or dome. It is often used for ventilation, to admit light, or for aesthetic purposes.

~ A weathervane, also known as a wind vane .is a device that shows the direction of the wind. It is typically mounted at the highest point of a building for maximum exposure to the wind.

~ When combined, a cupola with a weathervane can serve both functional and decorative purposes. The cupola provides an elevated platform for the weathervane, making it more visible from various vantage points. The weathervane, in turn, adds a decorative element to the cupola and indicates the direction of the wind.

~ The process of mounting a weathervane on a cupola involves placing the weathervane’s assembly rod into the cupola top, ensuring it is level, and then attaching the weathervane. This setup not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of a building but also provides practical benefits such as improved ventilation and natural lighting

Curtain Wall: A curtain wall is a non-structural, non-load-bearing wall. Its primary purpose is to keep occupants, sounds and temperature inside of a building or room and the elements out.

Dead Loads: The dead load of a building is the weight of all permanent construction, such as floor, roofing, framing, and covering members.

Deflection: In engineering, deflection is the movement of a beam from its original position.

Deformation: Deformation is the term for bending, twisting or otherwise warping of structural components of a building. Deformation can be caused by applied load and stress on the building.

Design Professional: Any architect or engineer.

Door Guide: An angle or channel used to stabilize or keep plumb a sliding or rolling door during its operation.

Downspout: A conduit used to carry water from the gutter of the building.

Drift (Snow):

~ Drift (Snow) refers to the accumulation of snow that occurs at a height discontinuity, such as the corner of a building or any other structure that interrupts the flow of wind. This phenomenon is primarily caused by wind carrying snow particles and depositing them when the wind encounters an obstruction.

~ Here are some key points about snow drift:

~ Formation: Snow drifts form when wind blows snow against an obstruction, causing the snow to accumulate. The size and shape of the drift depend on the speed and direction of the wind, the amount of snow available for transport, and the shape of the obstruction.

~ Impact on Structures: The accumulation of drifting snow can put additional load on structures, particularly at reentrant corners where snow from multiple directions can accumulate. This can lead to structural issues if not properly accounted for in the design of the building.

~ Prevention: Various methods can be used to prevent or reduce snow drifts, such as the use of snow fences or other barriers. These methods work by interrupting the flow of wind and causing the snow to deposit before it reaches the area to be protected.

~ Understanding and managing snow drift is important in the design of structures in regions that experience significant snowfall1234. Proper design and preventive measures can help ensure the safety and longevity of these structures1234.

Drift Pin: A tapered pin used during erection to align holes in steel members to be connected by bolting.

~ A Drift Pin in steel buildings is a tool used for aligning bolt holes in separate structural steel components that are designed to be mated. Here are some key points about drift pins in steel buildings:

~ Functionality: The most common use for a drift pin on construction projects is to localize a hammer blow in order to align two bolt holes in separate structural steel components1. The pin is then driven into the two holes forcing them into true alignment, allowing for easy insertion of the fastener.

~ Usage: This technique is especially useful for aligning fastener holes in structural steel members, which always have multiple holes, such that when one pair of mating holes comes into alignment, the others in the set are aligned, allowing a fastener, usually a bolt, to be inserted, before the drift pin is removed.

~ Design: Some drift pins are constructed with a taper, with the hammer acting on the large end of the taper. The tapered drift pin is used to align the two bolt holes in two separate components that are designed to mate.

Drift pins play a crucial role in the construction of steel buildings, providing a means to align bolt holes in separate structural steel components.

Eave: The line along the sidewall formed by the intersection of the planes of the roof and the wall.

Eave Canopy: A projecting roof system on the sidewall whose overhanging edge is supported at the building.

Eave Height: The vertical dimension from the finished floor to the top of the eave strut.

Eave Strut: A structural member located at the eave of a building that supports roof and wall paneling.

End Bay: The bays adjacent to the end walls of a building. Usually the distance from the end wall to the first interior mainframe measured normal to the end wall.

End Frame: A frame located at the end wall of a building that supports the loads from a portion of the end bay.

End Wall: An exterior wall that is parallel to the main frames of the building.

End Wall Column: A vertical member located at the end wall of a building that supports the girts. In post and beam end wall frames the end wall columns also support the rafter.

Engineer/Architect of Record: The engineer or architect who is responsible for the overall design of the building project. The manufacturer’s engineer is not the Engineer of Record.

Installation: The on-site assembling of fabricated Metal Building System components to form a completed structure.

Erection Bracing: Materials used by erectors to stabilize the building system during erection, also typically referred to as temporary bracing.

Erection Drawings: Roof and wall erection (framing) drawings that identify individual components and accessories furnished by the manufacturer in sufficient detail to permit proper Erection of the Metal Building System.

Erector: A party who assembles or erects a Metal Building System.

Expansion Joint:

~ Expansion Joints in steel buildings are gaps in structures that allow different parts of the structure to move independently1. They are designed to accommodate building movements caused by shrinkage, creep, or temperature changes2.

~ Here are some key points about expansion joints in steel buildings:

~ Functionality: Expansion joints represent a disruption in both reinforcement and concrete, making them effective for accommodating both shrinkage and temperature variations1. They absorb movements to the upper part of a building when reacting to ground vibrations, preventing deformations and protecting the entire structure. This is critical in areas where any type of earthquake, even a small one may occur.

~ Design: The design of expansion joints is a complex process that considers the anticipated temperature variation, materials used, and specific building requirements. The National Research Council provides guidelines for determining when potential thermal movement must be addressed and the design of expansion joints where required.

~ Location: The National Roofing Contractors Association recommends the location of roof expansion joints where steel framing, structural steel, or decking change direction and where separate wings of L, U, and T shaped buildings or similar configurations exist.

~ Maintenance: Expansion joints require regular inspection and maintenance to ensure they continue to function properly and protect the building structure.

Understanding and managing expansion joints is important in the design of structures in regions that experience significant temperature changes. Proper design and preventive measures can help ensure the safety and longevity of these structures.

Exterior Framed: A wall framing system where the girts are mounted on the outside of the columns.

Fabrication: The manufacturing process performed in a plant to convert raw material into finished Metal Building System components. The main operations are cold forming, cutting, punching, welding, cleaning, and painting.

Facade:

~ A Facade in a steel building refers to the exterior front face of the building, which often serves as the building’s identity. It plays a crucial role in protecting the interior from environmental elements, contributing to the building’s thermal efficiency, and ensuring comfort for its occupants1. Here are some key points about facades in steel buildings:

~ Protection: The facade provides the separation between the inside and the outside environments. It protects the interior of the building from environmental elements such as wind, rain, and sunlight.

~ Thermal Efficiency: The facade contributes to the building’s thermal efficiency. It can help to regulate the temperature inside the building, reducing the need for heating and cooling systems.

~ Comfort: The facade may also be required to provide the building user with openable windows for ventilation2. This can help to ensure a comfortable environment for the occupants.

~ Aesthetics: Beyond its functional role, the facade also serves an aesthetic function1. It can enhance the visual appeal of the building and contribute to its architectural identity.

~ Light and Views: The building facade is also required to provide acceptable light levels and a visual connection with the outside in the form of views out of the building.

~ A facade plays a crucial role in the design of steel buildings, providing protection, thermal efficiency, comfort, aesthetics, and a connection with the outside environment.

Fading: Refers to the paint finish on panels becoming less vibrant of color.

Fascia: A decorative trim or panel projecting from the face of a wall.

Field: The job site, building site, or general marketing area.

Filler Strip: See “Closure Strip”.

Fixed Clip: A standing seam roof system hold down clip that does not allow the roof panel to move independently of the roof substructure.

Fixed Base: A column base that is designed to resist rotation as well as horizontal or vertical movement.

Flange: The projecting edge of a structural member (e.g. the top and bottom horizontal projections of an I beam).

Flange Brace: A member used to provide lateral support to the flange of a structural member.

Flashing: The metal used to “trim” or cover the juncture of two planes of material.

Floating Clip: A standing seam roof system hold down clip that allows the roof panel to horizontally move independently of the roof substructure. Also known as a “Sliding Clip: or “Slip Clip”.

Flush Girts: A wall framing system where the outside flange of the girts and columns are flush.

Footing: A pad or mat, usually concrete, located under a column, wall, or other structural member, that is used to distribute the loads from that member into the supporting soil.

Foundation: The substructure, which supports a building or other structure.

Framed Opening: Framing members and flashing which surround an opening.

Framing Plans: See “Erection Drawings”.

Gable:

~ In the context of a steel building, a gable refers to the triangular portion of the wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. The gable end style of a steel building has two sloping sides of the roof that come together at a ridge, producing end walls at the top with a triangular form1.

~ This style of construction is often chosen for its cost-effectiveness and flexibility. It’s a common design in steel buildings due to its simplicity and efficiency. The gable design also allows for good rain and snow runoff, making it a practical choice in many climates.

~ If you’re considering a gable style for your steel building, it’s important to work with a knowledgeable team that can assess your design requirements and ensure your building is designed to withstand local weather conditions.

Gable Overhang: See “Purlin Extension”.

Gable Roof:

~ A gable roof in metal building design refers to a roof style that features two sloping sides that meet at the ridge (top), forming a triangular shape on the ends of the building. This is often referred to as a pitched or peaked roof. It’s a popular, easy to install, and economical roof design option.

~ When designing a gable roof for a metal building, there are several considerations to keep in mind:

~ Roof Pitch: The pitch or slope of the roof is an important factor. Most gable roofs have a slope between 3–12 inches vertical rise for every 12 inches horizontally. The steeper the roof, the more materials are required, impacting the cost.

~ Roofing Material: Consider factors such as durability, aesthetics, and maintenance requirements when choosing shingles, metal panels, or other roofing options.

~ Structural Considerations: Several structural considerations apply when planning gable roof trusses. Pitch angles between 25-45 degrees balance runoff capacity with snow stacking limits. Reinforced rafter ties prevent outward bowing of vertical triangle end frames. Equal gable end overhangs provide dimensional stability and fascia attachment symmetry4.

~ Size and Quality: Analyze your size needs for your steel building. First-time metal building buyers frequently say they wish they had gone with additional square footage5. Also, while it is important to price compare to ensure you are getting a fair market value, choosing the cheapest metal building manufacturer is not always good business.

~ Roofing System: There are two main classes of this structural roofing system: through-fastened and concealed fastened1. Through-fastened roofing is the most used and least expensive metal roofing and benefits from fast and simple installation. However, for larger buildings, stresses resulting from temperature expansion and contraction of exposed metal become more pronounced and more of a risk.

~ The exact design considerations may vary depending on the specific requirements of your building and local weather conditions. Always work with a knowledgeable team to ensure your building is designed to withstand these conditions1.

Galvanized: Steel coated with zinc for corrosion resistance.

Girder:

~ In steel building design, a girder is a horizontal main supporting member that carries loads from beams and transfers them to columns or other supports in a building or structure1. Girders are crucial elements in the structural system, providing primary support for the floors and roofs of a building.

~ Girders are typically made of steel or concrete and come in a range of shapes, sizes, and designs to accommodate different load requirements and structural configurations. The primary purpose of a girder is to bear heavy loads and transfer them to the columns or piers on which it rests.

~ In design, girders must be carefully planned and constructed to ensure they can adequately support the intended loads. This involves considering factors such as the material properties of the girder, the loads it will be subjected to, and the overall design of the building.

Remember, the design and implementation of girders are critical to the safety and stability of a building, so it’s important to work with knowledgeable professionals when planning and constructing a steel building.

Girt:

~ In steel building construction, a girt is a horizontal structural member that provides crucial support to the walls of a building12. Girts are typically installed between the vertical columns or studs of the building’s framework and are commonly made of various materials, including wood, steel, or even composite materials.

Here are some key roles of girts in construction:

~ Structural Support: Girts help distribute the load from the roof and upper floors evenly, preventing the walls from buckling or collapsing. This is a vital consideration when your building has to stand up to vicious weather conditions.

~ Insulation Attachment: Girts are used as attachment points for insulation materials. This ensures that the building is energy-efficient and well-insulated, maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures.

~ Cladding Attachment: Girts provide a mounting point for various types of exterior wall systems1. They are affixed to the building’s vertical columns or solid substrate.

~ Enhancing Rigidity: Girts not only help stabilize the structure against forces like wind and seismic activity but also contribute significantly to the building’s thermal performance when integrated with insulation systems.

~ Girts are an indispensable component in construction that provide structural support, insulation attachment, cladding attachment, and enhanced rigidity to a building. Whether it’s a residential home or a massive industrial facility, girts play a vital role in ensuring the stability and longevity of the structure. Regular maintenance and prompt troubleshooting are essential for ensuring the long-term durability and performance of girts, addressing common issues such as misalignment, fastener failure, and corrosion. This is why substandard materials and designs should be avoided.

Grade: The term used when referring to the ground elevation around a building.

Grade Beam: A concrete beam around the perimeter of a building.

Ground Snow Load: The probable weight of snow on the ground for a specified recurrence interval exclusive of drifts or sliding snow.

Grout: A mixture of cement, sand, and water used to fill cracks and cavities. Sometimes used under base plates or leveling plates to obtain uniform bearing surfaces.

Gutter: A light gauge metal member at an eave, valley or parapet designed to carry water from the roof to downspouts or drains.

Hair Pin:

~ In the context of metal building construction, a “hairpin” is a piece of rebar bent in the shape of a hairpin or a “V” shape. It’s typically used to resist thrust forces and is usually found in slabs and foundations.

~ Hairpins play a significant role in the structural integrity of a metal building for several reasons:

~ Resisting Lateral Forces: Hairpins help to transfer the lateral forces (thrust) from the metal building frame into the slab. This is particularly important at the corners of the building where there’s less room to accommodate these forces.

~ Structural Stability: By transferring the lateral forces into the slab, hairpins help to maintain the stability of the structure. This is especially crucial if the slab is ever removed for any reason, such as for plumbing or repair.

~ Cost-Effective: Hairpins are often used in smaller, shorter span metal buildings as they are a cost-effective method of resisting horizontal column reactions. They eliminate lateral pushover forces on the footing below, reducing the footing size.

~ Construction Simplicity: Hairpins are simple to construct and can be easily integrated into the slab and foundation during the construction process.

~ However, it’s important to note that the use of hairpins also has some disadvantages. For instance, if the slab settles relative to the foundation wall, it can pull on the hairpin and create additional stress in the bar. Also, there’s a gap between the edge of the slab and the foundation wall where the hairpin is prone to corrosion. Quality materials are not optional for long term purposes and to preserve structural value. Some less than ethical people will never mention the importance of hair pin quality and placement because once they have been paid, the buyer is stuck with future issues.

~ Hairpins are a key component in metal building design, their use should be carefully engineered based on the specific requirements and conditions of the building project. This aspect should not be left up to guessing.

Haunch:

~ In the engineering design of metal haunches for a metal building, several considerations should be taken into account:

~ Load Distribution: Haunches play a significant role in load distribution and the overall stability of a building1. They help transfer the lateral forces from the metal building frame into the slab.

~ Haunch Dimensions: The dimensions of the haunch are important. The typical length of the eaves haunch is generally 10% of the frame span. The depth of the haunch below the rafter is approximately equal to the depth of the rafter section.

~ Material and Section Choice: The choice of material and section for the haunch is crucial. Hot rolled steel sections are normally used as the primary members, with the resistance of the rafters enhanced locally by a haunch at the eaves, where the bending moments are greatest.

~ Connection Design: Haunches facilitate efficient rigid bolted connection between the rafter and the column. The apex haunch may be cut from a rolled section – often from the same size as the rafter, or fabricated from plate.

~ Economical Design: Haunches enhance the economical design of rafters of portal frames, by reducing the depth of the section required.

~ Deflection Reduction: Haunches also assist in the reduction of deflection.

~ The design and implementation of haunches are critical to the safety and stability of a building, so it’s important to work with knowledgeable professionals when planning and constructing a steel building.

Header: The horizontal framing member located at the top of a framed opening.

High Strength Bolts: Any bolt made from steel having a tensile strength in excess of 100,000 pounds per square inch.

High Strength Steel: Structural steel having a yield stress in excess of 36,000 pounds per square inch.

Hip: The line formed at the intersection of two adjacent sloping planes of a roof.

Hip Roof: A roof that is formed by sloping planes from all four sides.

“I” Beam: See “S” Shape.

Impact Wrench: A power tool used to tighten nuts or bolts.

Insulation: Any material used in building construction to reduce heat transfer.

Jamb: The vertical framing members located at the sides of an opening.

Jig: A device used to hold pieces of material in a certain position during fabrication.

Joist: A light beam for supporting a floor or roof.

Kick-Out (Elbow) (Turn-Out): An extension attached to the bottom of a downspout to direct water away from a wall.

Knee: The connecting area of a column and rafter of a structural frame such as a rigid frame.

Knee Brace: A diagonal member at a column and rafter intersection designed to resist horizontal loads.

Lean-To: A structure having only one slope and depending upon another structure for partial support.

Length: The dimension of the building measured perpendicular to the main framing from outside to outside of end wall girts.

Light Transmitting Panel:

~ A Light Transmitting Panel is a component that can be added to a metal building to provide a natural source of light1. These panels are typically made of high-strength woven roving and are fiberglass reinforced1.

~ In a broader context, the term can also refer to a type of concrete-based building material with embedded Nano-optic elements, creating a light-transmissive surface2. This property is attained by the uniform distribution of high numerical aperture Plastic Optical Fibers throughout the concrete mass, which support the smooth conduction of light from one end of the block to the other2. This type of material is also known as translucent or transparent concrete3.

~ These panels can be used in various applications, from enhancing natural lighting in buildings to creating visually intriguing design elements. Please note that the exact definition and usage can vary depending on the context.
Liner Panel: A metal panel attached to the inside flange of the girts or inside of a wall panel.

Live Load: Loads that are produced (1) during maintenance by worker, equipment, and materials, and (2) during the life of the structure by movable objects and do not include wind, snow, seismic, or dead loads. Also see “Roof or Floor Live Loads”.

Louver: An opening provided with fixed or movable slanted fins to allow flow of air.

Main Frame: An assemblage of rafters and columns that support the secondary framing members and transfer loads directly to the foundation.

Manufacturer: A party who designs and fabricates a Metal Building System.

Manufacturers Engineer: An engineered employed by a manufacturer who is in responsible charge of the structural design

Mastic: See “Sealant”

Metal Building System: A complete integrated set of mutually dependent components and assemblies that form a building including primary and secondary framing, covering and accessories, and are manufactured to permit inspection on site prior to assembly or erection

Mezzanine: An intermediate level between floor and ceiling occupying a partial area of the floor space.

Moment: The tendency of a force to cause rotation about a point or axis.

Moment Connection: A connection designed to transfer moment as well as axial and shear forces between connecting members.

Monolithic Construction: A method of placing concrete grade beam and floor slab together to form the building foundation without forming and placing each separately.

Multi-Gable Building: Buildings consisting of more than one gable across the width of the building.

Multi-Span Building: Buildings consisting of more than one span across the width of the building. Multiple gable buildings and single gable buildings with interior columns are examples.

Oil Canning: A waviness that may occur in flat areas of light gauge formed metal products. Structural integrity is not normally affected by this inherent characteristic; therefore oil canning is an aesthetic issue. Oil canning is not a cause for rejection of the material.

Open Web Steel Joist: Lightweight truss.

Order Documents: The documents usually required by the manufacturer in ordinary course of entering and processing an order.

Overhang:

~ An Overhang on a steel building refers to the extension of the roofline beyond the walls. This extension creates a ledge that offers both functional and aesthetic advantages.

~ Here are some key points for you to consider regarding the overhangs in your steel building design.

~ Functionality: Overhangs shield doors and windows from direct rainfall, reducing water penetration and the potential for leaks. They also provide protection from rain, snow, and harsh sunlight. This shaded area around the perimeter of the structure can help in controlling the temperature inside the building, possibly reducing energy costs.

~ Aesthetics: Overhangs can enhance the visual appeal of the building. They can be designed to match the architectural style of the building, adding a finishing touch to the overall look.

~ Installation: Overhangs are typically installed as part of the roof assembly process. They can be added to the eaves (the edges of the roof that overhang the face of a wall) and/or the gables (the portion of the wall enclosed by the sloping ends of a gabled roof).

~ Overhangs play a crucial role in both the functionality and aesthetics of a steel building. They help protect the building from various elements and enhance the overall look of the building.

Overhead Door: See “Sectional Overhead Doors”.

Panels: See “Cladding”.

Panel Notch: A notch or block out formed along the outside edge of the floor slab to provide support for the wall panels and serve as a closure along their bottom edge.

Parapet: That portion of the vertical wall of a building that extends above the roofline.

Peak: The uppermost point of a gable.

Peak Sign: A sign attached to the peak of the building at the end wall showing the building manufacturer.

Personnel Doors: Doors used by personnel for access and exit from a building.

Pick Point: The belted part of panel bundles where the bundle is to be lifted.

Piece Mark: A number given to each separate part of the building for erection identification. Also called mark number and part number.

Pier: A concrete structure designed to transfer vertical load from the base of a column to the footing.

Pitch: See “Roof Slope”.

Portal Frame: A rigid frame so designed that it offers rigidity and stability in its plane. It is generally used to resist longitudinal loads where other bracing methods are not permitted.

Post: See “Column”.

Post and Beam: A structural system consisting of a series of rafters beams supported by columns. Often used as the end frame of a building.

Primary Framing: See “Main Frame”.

Public Assembly: A building or space where 300 or more persons may congregate in one area.

Purlin: A horizontal structural member that supports roof covering and carries loads to the primary framing members.

Purlin Extension: The projection of a roof beyond the plane of an end wall.

Rafter: The main beam supporting the roof system.

Rake: The intersection of the plane of the roof and the plane of the end wall.

Rake Angle: Angle fastened to purlins at rake for attachment of end wall panels.

Rake Trim: A flashing designed to close the opening between the roof and end wall panels.

Retrofit: The placing of new metal roof or wall systems over deteriorated roofs and walls.

Rib: The longitudinal raised profile of a panel that provides much of the panel’s bending strength.

Ribbed Panel: A panel, which has ribs with sloping sides and forms a trapezoidal shaped void at the side lap.

Ridge: The horizontal line formed by opposing sloping sides of a roof running parallel with the building length.

Ridge Cap: A transition of the roofing materials along the ridge of a roof; sometimes called ridge roll or ridge flashing.

Rigid Connection: See “Moment Connection”.

Rigid Frame: A structural frame consisting of member joined together with moment connections so as to render the steel frame stable with respect to design loads, without the need for bracing in its plane.

Roll-Up Door: A door that opens by travelling vertically and is gathered into a roll suspended some distance above the floor.

Roof Covering: The exposed exterior roof surface consisting of metal panels.

Roof Live Load: Loads that are produced (1) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and materials and (2) during the life of the structure by movable objects which do not include wind, snow, seismic or dead loads.

Roof Overhang: A roof extension beyond the end wall or sidewall of a building.

Roof Slope: The tangent of the angle that a roof surface makes with the horizontal, usually expressed in units of vertical rise to 12 units of horizontal run.

Roof Snow Load: The load induced by the weight of snow on the roof of the structure.

Roof Vent:

~ A Roof Vent is a component of a roof ventilation system that allows outdoor air to pass in and out of the attic or crawlspace of a building1. It’s designed to control the flow of air by bringing fresh air into the attic and pushing out hot air1. This helps to ensure that things don’t get too hot and humid upstairs1.

~ Roof vents form the base of an attic ventilation system, letting the attic breathe, and they help protect the roof system from damaging heat and moisture2. They are essential to every home as they help protect buildings in many ways3.

~ There are different types of roof vents, including static exhaust vents, powered vents, and mechanical vents2. Static exhaust vents, for example, make use of the natural flow of air as hot air rises and do not require electricity2. One common type of static exhaust vent is the ridge vent, which is installed at the highest point of the roof, allowing hot air to escape the attic2.

~ Roof vents play a crucial role in maintaining the temperature and humidity levels in your attic, which can contribute to the overall comfort of your home and the longevity of your roofing materials

“S” Shape: A hot rolled beam with narrow tapered flanges.

Sandwich Panel: A panel used as covering consisting of an insulating core material with inner and outer metal skins.

Screw Down Roof System: A screw down roof system is one in which the roof panels are attached directly to the roof substructure with fasteners that penetrate through the roof sheets and into the substructure.

Sealant: Any material that is used to seal cracks, joints, or laps.

Secondary Framing: Members that carry loads from the building surface to the main framing. For example purlins and girts.

Seaming Machine: A mechanical device that is used to close and seal the side seams of standing seam roof panels.

Sectional Overhead Doors: Doors constructed in horizontally hinged sections. They are equipped with springs, tracks, counter balancers, and other hardware, which roll the sections into an overhead position clear of the opening.

Seismic Load: The lateral loading acting in any direction on a structural system due to the action of an earthquake.

Self-Drilling Screw: A fastener that combines the function of drilling and tapping.

Self-Tapping Screw: A fastener that taps its own threads in a predrilled hole.

Seller: A party who sells a Metal Building System with or without its erection or other fieldwork.

Shipping List: See “Bill of Materials”.

Shop Primer Paint: The initial coat of primer paint applied in the shop. A temporary coating designed to protect the steel during shipping and erection until the building exterior and interior coverings have been installed. This coating may or may not serve as a proper prime coat for other finishing paints.

Side Lap Fastener: A fastener used to connect panels together above their length.

Sidewall: An exterior wall, which is perpendicular to the frames of a building system.

Sidewall Overhang: See “Eave Canopy”.

Sill: The bottom horizontal framing member of a wall opening such as a window or louver.

Simple Span: A term used in structural design to design a beam support condition at two points which offers no resistance to rotation at the supports.

Single Slope: a sloping roof in one plane. The slope is from one sidewall to the opposite sidewall.

Slide Door: A single or double leaf door, which opens horizontally by means of sliding on an overhead trolley.

Sliding clip: A standing seam roof system hold down clip, which allows the roof panel to thermally expand independently of the roof substructure.

Slope: See “Roof Slope”.

Snow Drift: See “Drift (Snow)”.

Snow Load: See “Roof Snow Load”.

Soffit:

~ A Soffit on a metal building is a component that is most commonly placed on the underside of the eave of a roof, connecting the roof overhang with the side of a building. It serves both functional and aesthetic purposes.

~ Functionally, soffits are responsible for covering vulnerable roof components¹. They provide a barrier that prevents bugs and other creatures from entering the eave and attic. Importantly, soffits also provide ventilation to your attic, preventing it from superheating, which can lead to increased utility bills, and even roof leaks due to improper snow melt.

~ Aesthetically, soffits cover the bones of the roof that overhang the side of a building. They mount to the underside of the roof overhang, also called the eave, and complete the construction with a finishing material that typically matches or contrasts the siding. Talk to us about various color combinations to satisfy your yearning for pleasing appearance. Without the soffit in place, the rafters and sheathing would be visible, which would give most buildings an unfinished look.

~ In addition to eaves, soffit panels can be used anywhere that has a visible ceiling including porches, columns, and flights of stairs if you add them externally. They often cover structural elements like load-bearing beams, HVAC ductwork, electrical wires, and plumbing pipes. You could ask us to design in an extended soffit to cover a backup generator from the scorching sun in the evening. Let your imagination run free as you design the building of your dreams.

~ In summary, soffits play a crucial role in both the functionality and aesthetics of a metal building. They help protect the building from various elements and invaders, provide necessary ventilation, and enhance the overall look of the building. Many people want enough soffit space to protect security cameras.

Span: The distance between two supports.

Specification (Metal Building System): A statement of a set of Metal Building System requirements describing the loading conditions, design practices, materials and finishes.

Splice: A connection in a structural member.

Spreader Bar: Elongated bar with attached hooks and/or chains used from a crane to lift long sections of panels, or structural members such as rafters.

Spud Wrench: A tool used by erectors to line up holes and to make up bolted connections; a wrench with a tapered handle.

Square: The term used for an area of 100 feet.

Standing Seam: Side joints of roof panels that are arranged in a vertical position above the roofline.

Standing Seam Roof System: A roof system in which the side laps between the roof panels are arranged in a vertical position above the roofline. The roof panel system is secured to the roof substructure by means of concealed hold down clips attached with screws to the substructure, except that through fasteners may be used at limited locations such as at ends of panels and at roof penetrations.

Stiffener: A member used to strengthen a plate against lateral or local buckling.

Stiffener Lip: A short extension of material at an angle to the flange of cold formed structural members, which adds strength to the member.

Stitch Screw: A fasteners connecting panels together at the side lap.

Stud: A vertical wall member to which exterior or interior covering or collateral material may be attached. May be either load bearing or non-load bearing.

Tapered Members: A built up plate member consisting of flanges welded to a variable depth web.

Tensile Strength: The longitudinal pulling stress a material can bear without tearing apart.

Thermal Block: A spacer of low thermal conductance material that is installed between the purlin and roof insulation, to prevent energy loss.

Thermal Conductance, (C-Factor): The time rate of heat flow through unit areas of a body induced by unit temperature difference between the body surfaces. Units are BTU / (Hour x ft 2 x degree F) [Imperial system] or Units / (m 2 x degree C) [ SI system]. See “Thermal Resistance”.

Thermal Conductivity (K-Factor): The time rate of heat flow through unit thickness of a flat slab of a homogenous material in the perpendicular direction to the slab surfaces induced by unit temperature gradient. Units for K are (BTU x in) / (hour x ft 2 x degree F) or BTU/ (hour x ft x degree F) [Imperial system] and watts / (m x degree C) [SI system]. See “Thermal Resistivity”.

Thermal Resistance (R-Value): Under steady conditions, the mean temperature difference between two defined surfaces of material or construction that induces unit heat flow through unit area. Note: Thermal resistance and thermal conductance are reciprocals. To obtain the U-Factor, overall thermal transmittance. R-Value for materials and/or combinations of materials must first be evaluated. U-Factor is then the reciprocal of the sum of these individual R-Values.

Thermal Resistivity: Under steady conditions, the temperature difference between parallel surfaces of a slab (large enough so there is no lateral heat flow) of unit thickness that induces unit heat flow through unit area. Note: Thermal resistivity and thermal conductivity are reciprocals. Thermal resistivity is the R-Value of a material of unit thickness.

Thermal Transmittance (U-Factor): The time rate of heat flow per unit is under steady conditions from the fluid on the warm side of a barrier to the fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between the two fluids. To obtain, first evaluate the R-Value and then compute its reciprocal.

Through-Fastened Roof System: A roof system in which the roof panels are attached directly to the roof substructure with fasteners, that penetrates through the roof sheets and into the substructure.

Ton: 2,000 pounds.

Translucent Panels: See “Light Transmitting Panels”.

Transverse: The direction parallel to the main frames.

Trim: The light gauge metal used in the finish of a building, especially around openings and at intersections of surfaces. Sometimes referred to as flashing.

Truss: A truss is a structure made up of three or more structural members, with each member designed to carry a tension or compression force. The entire structure then acts as a beam.

Uplift: Wind load on a building, which causes a load in the upward direction.

Valley Gutter: A heavy gauge material used for multi-gabled buildings or between buildings.

Vapor Barrier: Material used to retard the flow of vapor or moisture to prevent condensation from forming on a surface.

Wainscot:

~ Wainscot in steel buildings is a decorative panel that is typically made of steel and installed on the lower section of the building’s exterior1. It serves both functional and ornamental purposes1.

Here are some key points about wainscot in steel buildings:

~ Functionality: Wainscot provides an extra layer of protection to the structure.

~ It helps to prevent damage from external factors such as gravel, rocks, and other debris that may be kicked up by vehicles or lawn equipment1.

~ Instead of hitting the sidewall of the building, these objects hit the wainscot panel, which is designed to withstand impact and protect the underlying structure1.

~ Aesthetics: Wainscot enhances the visual appeal of the building.

~ The wainscot panel is usually around three to four feet tall and can be installed on one, two, three, or all four sides of the building. It can be made of various materials, including steel, stone, brick, stucco, and vinyl1. The most common material used for wainscoting on metal buildings is steel, as it is durable and easy to replace.

~ Durability: Steel wainscoting is particularly long-lasting and can withstand harsh weather conditions, chemicals, solvents, and abrasion. It is also resistant to UV radiation, which can cause fading and discoloration over time.

~ Wainscoting is an excellent investment to consider when designing a custom metal building as it preserves both functionality and aesthetic value and adds to a appeal of your design.

Walk Door: See “Personnel Door”.

Wall Covering: The exterior wall surface consisting of panels.

Web: That portion of a structural member between the flanges.

Web Stiffener: See “Stiffener”.

Width: The dimension of the building measured parallel to the main framing from outside to outside of sidewall girts.

Wind Bent: See “Portal Frame”.

Wind Column: A vertical member designed to withstand horizontal wind loads, usually in the end wall.

X-Bracing: Bracing system with members arranged diagonally in both directions to form an “X”. See “Bracing”.

“Z” Section: A member cold formed from steel sheet in the approximate shape of a “Z”.

Zinc-Aluminum Coated: Steel coated with an alloy of zinc and aluminum to provide corrosion resistance.